Social Effects of Technology Essays - 6300 Words

Introduction The interaction of technology and society may be the one thing more than any other that gives society a meaning and defines us a human beings. In recent years it has become popular to point fingers of accusation at technology as if it were quot;autonomousquot; and driving us all to perdition. I take other view. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding away the things that give society value and leaving behind a rusted hulk. Admittedly there always the potential for abuse or misuse of a technology, but technology is not inherently destructive, I argue. In the following we will consider ten†¦show more content†¦What is the effect of the new technology on business and commerce? Does it represent new goods and services? Are we dealing with new products resulting from technological change? If so, how will the new products impact the economic structure? One source of new technology is the search for increased economic efficiency and a sincere desire to reduce the cost that the society has to pay for the availability of goods. Whether the purpose of the technology is to improve its effective use of available natural resources or to increase or alter the supply of available resources, it will impact what people buy, what they choose to do with their time, what jobs are lost due to changes in the overall economic mix, and possibly the price of other goods that compete with the technologically changed function for raw materials, labor, and the limited capital resources that are available. As a secondary effect, how will the new technology create changes in unrelated or distantly related markets? The computer was a fantastic new technology. Indeed, it still is. The changes that have taken place in the business world reach far beyond the immediate impact anticipated. On the surface, it was not difficult to realize that the computer would affect the market for mechanical devices designed to do tasks that a computer does, such as adding machines, typewriters, or even automatic mechanical control mechanisms. YetShow MoreRelatedSocial Effects of Technology Essay6374 Words   |  26 PagesIntroduction The interaction of technology and society may be the one thing more than any other that gives society a meaning and defines us a human beings. In recent years it has become popular to point fingers of accusation at technology as if it were autonomous and driving us all to perdition. I take other view. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding awayRead MoreSocial Institutions and the Effects on Technology Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions Effect of Technology Effects of Technology on the Education System CS300 Technology in Global Society Park University October 28, 2010 Outline 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Applications a. Distance learning b. Tutorials c. Books and other Materials 4. Benefits a. Affordability b. Accessibility c. New skills learned 5. Setbacks a. Privacy Issues bRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Our Social Lives1166 Words   |  5 PagesOur generation is one defined by technology. Every day advances in cellphones, computers, cameras, medical technology, and much more are being made. Because of technology, the way we live our lives, and the way the world functions is vastly different than it used to be. One might argue that all of this technology is making our lives easier, and therefore, better. However, people do not realize all that we are losing, as we gain technological knowledge. In the eighties having a cellphone was a luxuryRead MoreEffects of Technology on Social Relationships Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pageswill only increase. With the creation of new technology portions of life have become easier. Technology has changed the way we go through life. It’s made talking to people easier, as well as keeping up with the lives of others. However, the effects have affected the aspects of our lives that don’t include technology. There are some people that feel technology use has helped to improve our society, and in many ways it has. The improvement of the technology over the last few years is astonishing. ThereRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media On Technology719 Words   |  3 PagesPer:2 Society has become too dependent with technology in their lives because theyre always on it, children are negatively affected, and it can become a hazardous obsession. First of all, everyone is always using social media and they’re on their device most of their device device most of the time. Grantend, it is known that they are laws in california that drivers in California and have to be hands free . However I know that people still post on social media and text when driving. For exampleRead MoreTechnology And Social Medias Effect On The Peoples Privacy1286 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicate with others† (Hachman). Each day people live with a false security that they are protected and maintain a sense of privacy. Citizens misplace their trust in social media and technology, and divulge their personal information in ignorance of the repercussions that may arise. Users say the advances in technology and social media won’t affect the people’s privacy; however, it is proven that these advances can be a harbinger of both danger and discontent. Our nation is built upon its foundationRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Health And Social Security System4104 Words   |  17 Pagespopulation ages, and as the digital health field expands, technologies addressing the unique challenges of aging in place will become more of a reality. Great strides already have been made to improve aging. Seniors who want to age in place need to be as independent as possible. Technical innovations for successful aging offer opportunities both for older people and for societies with growing numbers of old and very old people. Technology applied in a flexible and supportive manner can improve theRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Development Of Mobile Technology1385 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media Media Broadcast Marketing The increase of social media and the development of mobile technology in the last decade has been significant, which has transformed the communication strategies and especially with sharing the experiences and how information should be marketed to the target audience. According to Hollensen (2014), the selection of newspapers, web sites, and TV to be used for advertising (series of actions to reach goals) needs to be done (at the same time) with the developmentRead MoreComputer Supported Communication Technologies : Adverse Social Effects933 Words   |  4 PagesComputer-supported communication technologies: Adverse social effects. Is communication the only good contribution to this new era of technology? Thanks to new technologies people can stay more connected than ever using the endless capabilities of their smartphones and also making use of the different social networks available. However, it seems that in this new era, the more connected we are, the more disconnected we become. Nowadays people seem to be more reluctant from interpersonal interactionRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The World Of Technology, News And Material Travel At A Supersonic Speed909 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 2015 Desensitizing Society In today’s fast paced world of technology, news and material travel at a supersonic speed. Subjects are then conversed, deliberated as well as disputed feverishly on the virtual landscape: giving way to argument and counter argument, thus leaving no stone unturned. Social media has undeniably played an operative role in sanctioning the common age. Unfortunately though, there is also a flip side. Social media has become a part of our everyday lives, and is a viable

The Yellow Wallpaper And The Lottery Essay - 847 Words

In modern society, most traditions are viewed as customs that unify people, strengthening relationships between family, friends, and community. In contrast, Shirley Jackson and Charlotte Perkins Gilman blatantly exhibit how outdated traditions in history have severed relations amongst people, acting as divisive forces rather than unifying practices. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"The Lottery†, old traditions of the societies in the stories incite conflict amongst the characters, negatively influencing relationships between and within characters. In both short stories, it is evident that aged traditions possess the capability to construct barriers between the strong bonds existent in families. Traditions have the ability to turn†¦show more content†¦Her unforeseen actions are due to the rest care tradition, which has progressively worsened her mental state and caused her to overlook her role as a caring wife in desperation to escape the imprisonment of the tradition. As witnessed from the two short stories, conflicts arise amidst families due to the events of old traditions, establishing a divide between family members that is difficult to overcome once constructed. While outdated traditions obtain the ability to negatively impact the relationships between characters, they are also capable of creating internal conflicts within a character. In both texts, readers witness the effect traditions have on one’s morality, mental mind, and sense of identity. The occurrence of atrocious, old traditions plays a significant role in corrupting one’s morals, inducing conflict with a character’s past values. This is clearly exhibited when â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands† (51). The ritual itself of hurling stones at another human is a demoralizing act that should not be justified by society, and reveals her iniquitous and immoral traits as she lacks awareness of her dehumanizing actions amidst participating in the ceremony. Mrs. Delacroix picks a colossal stone amongst a variety of possible sizes, demonstrating her loss of morals and redefined focus on the power she obtains from t his abhorrent tradition. Moreover, traditions from the past areShow MoreRelated Essay on Appearance vs Reality in Yellow Wallpaper, Story of an Hour, and Lottery1166 Words   |  5 PagesAppearance versus Reality in Yellow Wallpaper, Story of an Hour, and Lottery  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors often write literature to have an emotional impact on the reader. These effects vary from work to work, and they may include happiness, sorrow, anger, or shock. Even authors who try to achieve the same effect may go about it in very different ways. This paper discusses three short stories written to shock the reader, but each uses a different method to achieve its effect. While Kate Chopins The StoryRead MoreAnalysis : The Five Eighty Eight And Stone Mattress 1746 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper I planned on using both short stories from my Compare/Contrast essay that focused on abused women who seek their revenge on their abusers. As someone who knows women who have been abused by men and one even sexually assaulted, I feel very passionately about this topic. I wanted to write about the physiological and emotional changes women faced as a result of their abuse. In my first Compare/Contrast essay I talked about boys growing up and going against authority figures. AfterRead MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 Pages(Excerpt: Media Magic- Media Stereotypes-1998). If we do not become more aware of the poverty stricken Americans, it will soon have great affect on not only the poor themselves, but the middle and upper classes as well. Add Project New English essays Much Ado About Gender Roles (15 August) Report regarding a proposed amendment of certain sections of th (13 August) Community Influence In Literature (18 July) Ode To A Urn Detailed Analysis (17 June) Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge (14 June)Read MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 PagesAdvisory Council was, to put it mildly, not what I had expected. The job description in the ad had been vague—it called for a few teenage girls to work for the summer on a new teen magazine set to launch in the fall. We were asked to submit a short essay describing â€Å"Why I am perfect for this job.† I wrote about how the majority of magazines targeted to young women—like Seventeen and YM—are a bunch of Barbie Doll dreck that seek nothing more than to sell warped ideals of beauty and romance to vulnerableRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesaffairs of the world, they are â€Å"too dull even to know [that they, too,] are being assaulted by the powers of darkness.† And, finally, there is Old Man Warner in Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, who as a participant in the lottery on seventy-six previous occasions and as its chief defender (â€Å"There’s always been a lottery†) symbolizes blind subservience to an established ritual that has long since ceased to have a rational purpose. Symbolism thus enhances fictions by holding â€Å"the parts of literary work

Body Alterations Free Essays

Cosmetic surgery is the most common kind of plastic surgery nowadays. It consists on medical practices intended for enhancing one’s appearance, maintaining it or embellishing it beyond an average level toward an esthetic ideal. Tattoos, piercings and any other ornaments are applications that also take the human’s body as their final object. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Alterations or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his essay â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†, Philippe Liotard states that cosmetic surgery and body alterations stand at opposite sides. In the following, I’m going to take a position relatively to the above statement, before analyzing the situation in my home society, Lebanon. First of all, Liotard believes that body modifications are ways that one can use in order to look different from the common mass. For him, it is as expression of â€Å"refusal to comply with social norms† (Liotard, 264). So far, it’s true that having a foreign tattoo or a piercing in a society that doesn’t originally apply them commonly makes a person looks out of the box. Moreover, different combinations of body alterations emphasize the uniqueness of each individual and reflect a mixture of cultures. On the opposite side, cosmetic surgery can be applied for several reasons. One of them is looking for example as a certain idol, celebrity or any public figure. This aim is becoming very redundant between women who seek having this actress’ nose or that singer’s lips. From this way of thinking, we can say that cosmetic surgery promotes a kind of stereotype. For that, the uniqueness of each individual is abolished. For this way of interpretation, I stand on the same shore as the author. Moving to my home society, views and opinions concerning both â€Å"alternative† body alterations and cosmetic surgery vary a lot. There’s no single common way of handling these applications. In fact, some alterations are rejected while others can be tolerated. For most Lebanese, a familiar thought is that piercing as well as others body ornaments or some techniques are not manly. For that, a man with a pierced ear is subject to negative connotations. On the other hand, tattoos for instance are accepted to a certain extend. Concerning cosmetic surgery, we encounter three main categories of opinions. There are some people who completely support these surgeries whereas others reject them completely while some have intermediate views. As far as I’m concerned, I don’t mind people having a tattoo even though I won’t do it. I personally believe that the decision of having a permanent tattoo is based on mood or temporary convictions that can collapse with time. On the contrary, I’m not against having a temporary one. Also, about cosmetic surgeries, I support them when they aim to correct an inborn defect or an accidental one. A personal experience I had was when I broke my nose and the only solution was having a surgery to repair the bad appearance caused by the accident. On the opposite side, I disapprove plastic surgeries when they are applied just to have someone else’s nose, lips†¦ To sum up, I agree that cosmetic surgery and â€Å"alternative† body alterations are philosophical antonyms even though they both affect the body. And, like in everything else, the best use of body alterations relies in moderation. As a Lebanese proverb says: â€Å"Every excess means less† Works Cited Liotard, Philippe. â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†. Shades of Gray. 2nd edition. Ed. Zane Sinno et al. Essex: Pearson, 2008. Print How to cite Body Alterations, Papers

Electricity Essay Research Paper WHAT IS ELECTRICITYElectricity free essay sample

Electricity Essay, Research Paper WHAT IS ELECTRICITY Electricity is a signifier of energy. That # 8217 ; s because we can utilize electricity to make things for us, like run machines and computing machines. Electricity besides can be transformed into other types of energy such as heat or visible radiation and is used to heat our places, light our metropoliss and towns and power the computing machines we are utilizing. Electricity is the type of energy that is unseeable. It # 8217 ; s made of traveling negatrons that are so little and travel so fast that we can non see them. The electricity that GPU provides travels through the wires you see on tall poles and towers around your town or metropolis. Sometimes they go down in a fenced-off country that is full of big metal boxes, tonss of electrical wires, equipment and other material. These countries are called substations, and they change the power of electricity is before it gets to your place. Electricity is the motion of one million millions of negatrons. Electrons are one constituent of an atom. Atoms are the basic edifice blocks of all affair and are comprised on protons and neutrons in add-on to negatrons. The protons and neutrons of an atom are housed in the Centre of an atom called the karyon. Electricity is a phenomenon that is a consequence of the being of electrical charge. The theory of electricity and its inseparable consequence, magnetic attraction, is likely the most accurate and complete of all scientific theories. The apprehension of electricity has led to the innovation of motors, generators, telephones, wireless and telecasting, X-ray devices, computing machines, and atomic energy systems. Electricity is a necessity to modern civilisation. How is Electricity Produced? Electricity is a secondary beginning of energy that is created at a generating works. At the bring forthing station, primary beginnings of energy, which include coal, oil, gas, H2O, and air current, are converted to steam. This steam provides the power to turn the blades of a device known as a turbine. The steam turning the blades of a turbine is like the air current turning the blades of a windmill. The mechanical power created by the steam turning the turbine turns the shaft. The shaft so turns the generator. A generator contains a magnet surrounded by a spiral of wire. The motion of negatrons is called electric current. Electric Charge Amber is a xanthous, semitransparent mineral. Equally early as 600 BC the Greeks were cognizant of its curious belongings: when rubbed with a piece of pelt, amber develops the ability to pull little pieces of stuff such as plumes. For centuries this strange, incomprehensible belongings was thought to be alone to amber. Two thousand old ages subsequently, in the sixteenth century, William Gilbert proved that many other substances are electric ( from the Grecian word for gold, elektron ) and that they have two electrical effects. When rubbed with pelt, brownish-yellow acquires pitchy electricity ; glass, nevertheless, when rubbed with silk, acquires vitreous electricity. Electricity repels the same sort and attracts the opposite sort of electricity. Scientists thought that the clash really created the electricity ( their word for charge ) . They did non recognize that an equal sum of opposite electricity remained on the pelt or silk. In 1747, Benjamin Franklin in America and William Watson ( 1715-87 ) in England independently reached the same decision: all stuffs possess a individual sort of electrical # 8220 ; fluid # 8221 ; that can perforate affair freely but that can be neither created nor destroyed. The action of rubbing simply transfers the fluid from one organic structure to another, electrifying both. Franklin and Watson originated the rule of preservation of charge: the entire measure of electricity in an insulated system is changeless. Franklin defined the fluid, which corresponded to vitreous electricity, as positive and the deficiency of fluid as negative. Therefore, harmonizing to Franklin, the way of flow was from positive to negative # 8211 ; the antonym of what is now known to be true. A subsequent two-fluid theory was developed, harmonizing to which samples of the same type attract, whereas those of opposite types repel. Benjamin Franklin ( 1706-90 ) was an American pressman, writer, philosopher, diplomat, scientist, and discoverer. ( The Bettmann Archive ) Lightning Franklin was acquainted with the Leyden jar, a glass jar coated inside and outside with tin foil. It was the first capacitance, a device used to hive away charge. The Leyden jar could be discharged by touching the inner and outer foil beds at the same time, doing an electrical daze to a individual. If a metal music director was used, a flicker could be seen and heard. Franklin wondered whether lightning and boom were besides a consequence of electrical discharge. During a electrical storm in 1752, Franklin flew a kite that had a metal tip. At the terminal of the moisture, carry oning hemp line on which the kite flew he attached a metal key, to which he tied a nonconductive silk twine that he held in his manus. The experiment was highly risky, but the consequences were unmistakable: when he held his brass knuckss near the key, he could pull flickers from it. The following two who tried this highly unsafe experiment were killed. The Electrical Force It was known every bit early as 1600 that the attractive or abhorrent force diminishes as the charges are separated. This relationship was foremost placed on a numerically accurate, or quantitative, foundation by Joseph Priestley, a friend of Benjamin Franklin. In 1767, Priestley indirectly deduced that when the distance between two little, charged organic structures is increased by some factor, the forces between the organic structures are reduced by the square of the factor. For illustration, if the distance between charges is tripled, the force decreases to one-ninth its former value. Although strict, Priestley # 8217 ; s cogent evidence was so simple that he did non strongly recommend it. The affair was non considered settled until 18 old ages subsequently, when John Robinson of Scotland made more direct measurings of the electrical force involved. Coulomb # 8217 ; s Law The Gallic physicist Charles A. de Coulomb, whose name is used as the unit of electrical charge, subsequently performed a series of experiments that added of import inside informations, every bit good as preciseness, to Priestley # 8217 ; s cogent evidence. He besides promoted the two-fluid theory of electrical charges, rejecting both the thought of the creative activity of electricity by clash and Franklin # 8217 ; s single-fluid theoretical account. Today the electrostatic force jurisprudence, besides known as COULOMB # 8217 ; S LAW, is expressed as follows: if two little objects, a distance R apart, have charges p and q and are at remainder, the magnitude of the force F on either is given by F = Kpq/rr, where K is a changeless. Harmonizing to the International System of Units, the force is measured in Newtons ( 1 Newton = 0.225 pound ) , the distance in metres, and the charges in C. The changeless K so becomes 8.988 billion. Charges of opposite mark attract, whereas those of the same mark repel. A C C is a big sum of charge. To keep a positive C ( + C ) 1 metre off from a negative C ( Degree centigrade ) would necessitate a force of 9 billion Newtons ( 2 billion lbs ) . A typical charged cloud about to give rise to a lightning bolt has a charge of approximately 30 Cs. Electric Potential Because of an accident the 18th-century Italian scientist Luigi Galvani started a concatenation of events that culminated in the development of the construct of electromotive force and the innovation of the battery. In 1780 one of Galvani # 8217 ; s helpers noticed that a cleft toad leg twitched when he touched its nervus with a scalpel. Another helper thought that he had seen a flicker from a nearby charged electric generator at the same clip. Galvani reasoned that the electricity was the cause of the musculus contractions. He erroneously thought, nevertheless, that the consequence was due to the transportation of a particular fluid, or # 8220 ; carnal electricity, # 8221 ; instead than to conventional electricity. Experiments such as this, in which the legs of a toad or bird were stimulated by contact with different types of metals, led Luigi Galvani in 1791 to suggest his theory that carnal tissues generate electricity. ( The Bettmann Archive ) The Battery In experimenting with what he called atmospheric electricity, Galvani found that a frog musculus would jerk when hung by a brass hook on an Fe lattice. Another Italian, Alessandro Volta, a professor at the University of Pavia, affirmed that the brass and Fe, separated by the damp tissue of the toad, were bring forthing electricity, and that the toad # 8217 ; s leg was merely a sensor. In 1800, Volta succeeded in magnifying the consequence by stacking home bases made of Cu, Zn, and moistened pasteboard severally and in so making he invented the battery. A battery separates electrical charge by chemical agencies. If the charge is removed in some manner, the battery separates more charge, therefore transforming chemical energy into electrical energy. A battery can impact charges, for case, by coercing them through the fibril of a light bulb. Its ability to make work by electrical agencies is measured by the V, named for Volta. A V is equal to 1 J of work or energy ( 1 J = 2.78/10,000,000 kilowatt-hours ) for each C of charge. The electrical ability of a battery to make work is called the electromotive force, or voltage. The first electric battery, known as the Gur heap, was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta ( 1745-1827 ) . Voltaic piles consisted of a stack of jumping phonograph record of Zn and Cu or Ag separated by felt soaked in seawater. They provided, for the first clip, a simple beginning of stored electrical energy that didn # 8217 ; t trust on mechanical agencies. ( The Bettmann Archive ) The Capacitor Another device capable of electrical work is the capacitance, a descendent of the Leyden jar, which is used to hive away charge. If a charge Q is placed on the metal plates the electromotive force rises to amount V. The step of a capacitance # 8217 ; s ability to hive away charge is the electrical capacity C, where C = Q/V. Charge flows from a capacitance merely as it flows from a battery, but with one important difference. When the charge leaves a capacitance # 8217 ; s plates, no more can be obtained without reloading. This happens because the electrical force is conservative. The energy released can non transcend the energy stored. This ability to make work is called electric potency. A type of preservation of energy is besides associated with voltage. The electrical energy gettable from a battery is limited by the energy stored in chemical molecular bonds. Both voltage and electric potency are measured in Vs, and, unluckily, the footings electromotive force, possible, and voltage are used instead slackly. For illustration, the term battery potency is frequently used alternatively of voltage. Voltage Whether as an voltage or an electric potency, electromotive force is a step of the ability of a system to make work on a unit sum of charge by electrical agencies. Voltage is a better-known measure than electric field. For case, electromotive forces measured in an electrocardiogram extremum at 5 mVs ; many are familiar with the 115-volt potency of a house. The possible between a cloud and the land merely before a typical lightning bolt is a lower limit of 10,000 Vs. Sometimes high electromotive forces are needed. For case, the negatron beams in telecasting tubings require more than 30,000 Vs. Electrons # 8220 ; falling # 8221 ; through such a possible range speeds every bit high as one-third the velocity of visible radiation and have sufficient energy to do a topographic point of visible radiation on the screen. Such high potencies may be developed from lower jumping potencies by utilizing a transformer. By draging places on a rug on a dry twenty-four hours, an electric potency of more than 20,000 Vs can be developed, ensuing in a flicker. Electric Current An electric charge in gesture is called electric current. The strength of a current is the sum of charge go throughing a given point ( as in a wire ) per second, or I = Q/t, where Q C of charge base on balls in t seconds. The unit for mensurating current is the ampere or amp, which equals 1 coulomb/sec. Because it is the beginning of magnetic attraction as good, current is the nexus between electricity and magnetic attraction. In 1819 the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted found that a compass acerate leaf was affected by a current-carrying wire. Almost instantly, Andre Ampere in France discovered the magnetic force jurisprudence. Michael Faraday in England and Joseph Henry in the United States added the thought of magnetic initiation, whereby a altering magnetic field produces an electric field. The phase was so set for the embracing electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. The fluctuation of existent currents is tremendous. A modern electrometer can observe currents every bit low as 1/100,000,000,000,000,000 A, which is a mere 63 negatrons per second. The current in a nervus urge is about 1/100,000 As ; a 100-watt visible radiation bulb carries 1 A ; a lightning bolt extremums at about 20,000 As ; and a 1,200-megawatt atomic power works can present 10,000,000 As at 115 V. Most stuffs are dielectrics. In them, all negatrons are bound in single atoms and do non allow a flow of charge unless the electric field moving on the stuff is so high that breakdown occurs. Then, in a procedure called ionization, the most slackly bound negatrons are torn from the atoms, leting current flow. This status exists during a lightning storm. The separation of charge between the clouds and the land creates a big electric field that ionises the air atoms, thereby organizing a carry oning way from cloud to land. Resistance Although a music director permits the flow of charge, it is non without a cost in energy. The negatrons are accelerated by the electric field. Before they move far, nevertheless, they collide with one of the atoms of the music director, decelerating them down or even change by reversaling their way. As a consequence, they lose energy to the atoms. This energy appears as heat, and the sprinkling is a opposition to the current. In 1827 a German instructor named George Ohm demonstrated that the current in a wire increases in direct proportion to the electromotive force V and the cross-sectional countries of the wire A, and in reverse proportion to the length I. Because the current besides depends on the peculiar stuff, Ohm # 8217 ; s jurisprudence is written in two stairss, I = V/R, and R = pI/A X the electric resistance. The measure R is called the opposition. The electric resistance depends merely on the type of stuff. The unit of opposition is the ohm, where 1 ohm is equal to 1 volt/amp. Certain stuffs, such as lead, lose their opposition about wholly when cooled to within a few grades of absolute nothing. Such stuffs are called superconductors. Substances have late been found that become ace conductive at much higher temperatures. The resistive warming caused by negatron sprinkling is a important consequence and is used in electric ranges and warmers every bit good as in incandescent visible radiation bulbs. In a resistance the power P, or energy per second, is given by P = ( I squared ) R. Speed of Electricity As negatrons bounciness along through the wire, the general charge impetus constitutes the current. The mean, or impetus, velocity is defined as the velocity the negatrons would hold if all were traveling with changeless speed analogue to the field. The impetus velocity is really little even in good music directors. In a 1.0-mm-diameter Cu wire transporting a current of 10 As at room temperature, the impetus velocity of the negatrons is 0.2 millimeter per second. In Cu, the negatrons seldom drift faster than one hundred-billionth the velocity of visible radiation. On the other manus, the velocity of the electric signal is the velocity of visible radiation. This means that, at the velocity of visible radiation, the remotion of one negatron from one terminal of a long wire would impact negatrons elsewhere. For illustration, see a long, inactive cargo train, with the autos stand foring negatrons in a wire. Because the yokes between autos have play in them, the galley is affected a short piece after the engine begins traveling. During this clip the engine moves frontward a short distance. The signal stating the galley to get down moves rearward rapidly, going the length of the train in the same clip it takes the engine to travel frontward a metre or so. Similarly, the negatron impetus velocity in a music director is low, but the signal moves at the velocity of visible radiation in the opposite way. Electrical Theory of Matter The possibility that electricity does non dwell of a smooth, uninterrupted fluid likely occurred to many scientists. Even Franklin one time wrote that the # 8220 ; fluid # 8221 ; consists of # 8220 ; atoms highly sub tile. # 8221 ; However, a great trade of grounds had to be accumulated before the position was accepted that electricity comes in bantam, distinct sums, looking non at all like a fluid when viewed microscopically. James Clerk Maxwell opposed this atom theory. Toward the terminal of the 1800s, nevertheless, the work of Sir Joseph John Thomson ( 1856-1940 ) and others proved the being of the negatron. The Electron Thomson had measured the ratio of the electron # 8217 ; s charge to its mass. Then in 1899 he inferred a value for the electronic charge itself by detecting the behaviour of a cloud of bantam charged H2O droplets in an electric field. This observation led to Millikan # 8217 ; s Oil-Drop Experiment. Robert Millikan, a physicist at the University of Chicago, with the aid of his pupil Harvey Fletcher, sought to mensurate the charge of a individual negatron, an ambitious end in 1906. A bantam droplet of oil with an surplus of a few negatrons was formed by coercing the liquid through a device similar to a perfume atomiser. The bead was so, in consequence, suspended, with an electric field pulling it up and the force of gravitation drawing it down. By finding the mass of the oil bead and the value of the electric field, the charge on the bead was calculated. The consequence: the negatron charge vitamin E is negative and has the value e = 1.60/10,000,000,000,000,000,000 C. This charge is so little that a individual Cu penny contains more than 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 negatrons. Robert Millikan ( 1868-1953 ) won the 1923 Nobel Prize in natural philosophies for his work on the simple electric charge and on the photoelectric consequence. He besides did much work on cosmic beams, which he named. He is seen here ( right ) in his cellar with his helper and his self-recording electroscope. Under Millikan # 8217 ; s leading the California Institute of Technology rapidly developed into one of the foremost scientific centres in the universe. ( The Bettmann Archive ) Millikan besides found that a charge ever appears to be in exact whole number multiples of plus or minus vitamin E ; in other words, the charge is quantized. Other simple atoms discovered subsequently were besides found to hold a charge of plus or minus e. For illustration, the antielectron, discovered in 1932 by Carl David Anderson of the California Institute of Technology, is precisely the same as the negatron, except that it has a charge of +e. Atomic Structure Bulk affair is usually impersonal. The inclination is for every positive proton in an atom to be electrically balanced against a negative negatron, and the amount is every bit close to zero as anyone has been able to mensurate. In 1911, Ernest Rutherford proposed the atomic atom. He suggested that negatrons orbit a positively charged nucleus less than 1/100,000,000,000,000 metres in diameter, merely as planets orbit the Sun. Rutherford besides suggested that the karyon is composed of protons, each holding a charge +e. This position of affair, still considered correct in many ways, established the electrical force as that which holds an atom together. After Rutherford presented his atom, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed that the negatrons have merely certain orbits about the karyon, that other orbits are impossible. Quantum Theory Early on in the twentieth century the quantum theory was developed. Harmonizing to this theory, the negatron is a smeared cloud of mass and charge. In some state of affairss the negatron cloud might be so little that the atom appears to be much like the bantam, charged marble of earlier positions. In other state of affairss, such as when the negatron is in an atomic orbit, the cloud is many times larger. In 1963, Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig of the California Institute of Technology proposed a theory harmonizing to which the electronic charge vitamin E might non be the cardinal charge after all. In their theory, heavy atoms such as protons and neutrons consist of assorted combinations of atoms called quarks. One quark is supposed to hold charge ( -1/3 ) vitamin E and another ( -2/3 ) e. This theory has prompted a major hunt for quarks. Bron: 31e